Lesson 22

Today we learned about titration. Titration is a chemical procedure carried out between an acid and a base in order to figure out the concentration of either the acid or the base. The titration is a naturalized reaction that is monitored with an indicator. Both the volume of base and acid is recorded. Lastly, if the Molarity of either the base or acid is known, than you can figure out the other! Very confusing homework below!

Homework:

 

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Lesson 21

In lesson 21. We continued working with pH, acids, bases, and naturals. Vocab! A neutralization reaction is a reaction in hitch an acid and a base react in aqueous solution to produce an ionic compound (salt) and H2O. The pH may approach 7, because of the H+ from the acid and the OH- from the base combine to form H2O. Also, there are two ways in which you can make an acidic solution or a basic solution safer. You can dilute it with water, or counteract the substance by adding more basic solution to an acidic solution or vise versa. This chapter also talked about guessing the product from a chemical reaction to naturalize it! I do this in the homework below :)

Homework:

We also did this during class ;)

 

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Lesson 20:

In lesson 20, we continued talking about pH. Something very important to know is the pH scale is in increments of 10. A picture is shown below to help! Also, adding water to an acid or a base dilutes the solutions, making it less acidic or less basic. However, an acid can never be turned into a base by diluting it with water, and a base can never be turned into an acid by diluting it with water. Lastly, everything the H+ concentration is diluted tenfold, the pH number goes up one unit. Homework below!

Homework:

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Disappearing Spoon chapters 10,11 and 12:

Chapter 10, it starts out talking about copper and silver and their uses in everyday life and a long time ago. Then it goes into talking about Vanadium, which helps many things such as diabetes and to help spermicides, however it is not yet safe for human consumption. Then it began to talk about MRIs and gadolinium and it is useful in MRIs because of its maximum number of electrons. Something very interesting about this element is its ability to maybe be an enemy of an enemy thing with rumors or cancer! However, it does have side effects, it can cause kidney problems and may cause hard of breathing in some patients. Then it began talking about Pasteur, who was a scientist studying germs and proper- handed chemicals which later proved true, and then began talking about Domagk who was later a Chemist. This chapter started out very interesting! In chapter 11, it begins with talking about a NASA space shuttle, and the oxygen levels which can become dangerous. Then it began talking about nitrogen dangers and positives regarding space craft. Moreover, Branemark began to experiment with titanium and his findings revolutionized the prosthetic world! He figured out why the body always rejected the metal or wooden prosthesis that they wanted to put into the body. He found out that the immune system does accept titanium. Then it began to talk about taste and beryllium again, it can cause people to have a screwy sense of taste. It closed with talking about Bertrand Russel, who used facts about iodine to build a case about existence immortal souls. Chapter 12 began with describing the human brain and our need for desires, such as the periodic table creation, then it began to talk about Marie Curie! A very famous chemist who discovered radioactivity and she and her husband won a Nobel prize. They also had a daughter named Irene. After winning the first Nobel prize, Marie and her husband, Pierre Curie, began experimenting with uranium and what they discard from it. They found two new elements after a long experimental process, and then won another prize. Unfortunately, her husband was ran over by a carriage and the street and died, therefore, she only received the second prize. Marie's personal life reputation was very bad. She had an affair with a married man, and almost lost her second prize because of it. After Marie died from radiation poisoning, her daughter began experimenting and also died from leukemia, however, later her discoveries have become crucial to medical tools. Moreover, Gyorgy Hevesy also studied radioactivity. He was told to separate radioactive atoms and nonradioactive atoms in lead, which is impossible. After a lot of wasted time, he gave up. Only to then start to experiment with radium-D in the body. Hevesy made many achievements and his colleagues began to follow. Lastly, element 109 was found by Meitner and he received much honor. The element is known and will always be known as Meitnerium. This chapter was definitely more interesting in parts! I hope you all had a great break! Four weeks until Christmas break!

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Disappearing Spoon Chapters 8 and 9:

In chapter 8, it definitely goes along exactly with the chapter name, from Physics to Biology. It began with a description of a Times magazine picture with a mixture of people, and emphasizing the U.S Nobel Prize dominance. Then it talked about a scientists named Segre who is talked about throughout the chapter. It began to focus on the turning to biology and began a story between two scientists trying to figure out DNA. Pauling who was a major scientist who was very focused and worked strongly independent was competing (without his knowledge) against a team of scientists Watson and Crick who strongly worked off of other scientists discoveries. Watson and Crick ended up winning the Nobel Prize for figuring out DNA A,T,C and G relationship and why DNA is packed so tightly together. By being humiliated, Pauling surprisingly took the high road and congratulated them and then he decided to move into different fields. This was not the only disocvery in this chapter, however the most interesting ;) Patterns I noticed in this chapter is that many scientists don't work we'll with other people and think they are right no matter what they are told and that they don't listen well. This especially happened with Segre. This chapter showed the revolutionary turn in the medical world, they discovered that diseases actually occur many times by molecules. This forever changed medicine! In chapter 9, it first starts out with explaining very poisonous elements. Then it goes into a story about a "Itai Itai" which means ouch ouch. It was an unknown disease that was occurring in small villages. People bones were just snapping basically. It talked about this one doctor who was lightly touching her wrist and it snapped! After the war, a doctor finally began investigating this disease, he went public that it was from element Cadmium. Then it talked about this boy who was a Boy Scout and extremely interesting in chemistry and getting people off oil energy. He began experimenting like crazy and he wasn't very good at it at first, having lots of mishaps. But he began to get much better and explore beyond his initial goal. Then, the police finally caught him doing something stupid at night and began to investigate it went on for many years. Then they began to find radioactive elements in his room and shed. However, because of the time they let him go. He then joined the navy hoping to work with elements there, however, he did not get to. After getting out, he went back to his home town and basically did nothing until one night he was caught stealing smoke detectors. With his record, they had to bring him in. And the chemistry that so much enthralled him, destroyed him in the end. This chapter was much more interesting that past chapters! I liked this one because it had more of a story and not just all about chemistry :) happy thanksgiving!

 

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Lesson 18 and 19:

In lesson 18, we continued going over acids, bases, and neutrals. Acids are substances that add H+ to solution, bases are substances that add OH- to solution, and neutral substances do not add H+ or OH- to solution. Something important to know is that H+ have just one proton. Also, some important definitions are first Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases: An acid is any substance that adds hydrogen ion (H+) to solutions. A base is any substance that adds hydroxide ion (OH- )to solution. The next definition is Bronsted-Lowery Definiton of Acids and Bases: An acid is a proton doner and a bass is a proton acceptor. You should know how to identify Acids, Bases, Conjugate Acids and bases in a chemical equation! Acids and Bases that break a part completely in solutions are called strong acids and bases and acids and bases that do not dissociate completely in solutions are called weak acids and weak bases!

Lesson 19 covered more pH. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale that describes the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. pH is related to (H+) by the formula: pH=-log(H+). Know how to solve equations using this! Next, water dissociates into H+ and OH- ions. (H2O ---> H+ + OH-). pH of water is 7, because in water the H+ concentration is equal to the OH- concentration. Homework below!

Homework:

 

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Lesson 17:

In lesson 17, we went over acids and bases. Acids and bases are specific categories of solutions. Acids have a more sour taste, and bases have a more bitter taste. Bases also tend to be more slippery, such as soaps and detergents. In order to identify what chemicals are acids and which are bases, chemists have invented indicators. Indicators change color when they come into contact with acids and bases. Moreover, the pH scale helps put values to acids and bases between 0 and 14. Something important to know, is that with a pH below 7 at 25 degrees C are acids, and pH above 7 at 25 degrees C are bases. Solutions at or near 7 are neutral. Homework below!

Homework:

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Disappearing Spoon chapter 5, 6 and 7:

Chapter 5 covered the harmful effects the elements can cause. It opened with a man named Haber who invented many gases that become deadly, along with bombs. He first used bromide and that became very deadly but when put into action didn't perform as anticipated. Therefore, he moved to Chlorine, which worked sadly much better. In the mean time, he became hired to make bombs and gases and collected a lot of data for the death rate and how much time. In order to collect this much data however, many people must have died. His work greatly disturbed his wife who was also a great science mind and got a Ph.D. She expressed her concerns but it never made a difference. More into the story, she eventually comes to a breaking point and kills herself. Her husband didn't even seem to care. At the end of WWI, he won a noble prize but soon after was convicted of criminal activity and other counts which put him in jail. Then the story went on into WWII, where another element became a weapon, Molybdenum. It was more effective than iron. The rest of the chapter talked about mining and how the elements got dried up because of the mass trade. Also, Congo was a major trading place because of its abondence of elements and due to the fact it isn't governed, many fights and deaths occur there back during WWII and still today. Something I find interesting and saddening about this chapter is the mass violence, and the fact that the gases and weapons made from the elements, the Nazis used to kill many many Jews! In chapter 6, it began with the hunt to fill in the periodic table. A scientist named Moseley linked the elements place on the periodic table to their characteristics. This lead to the understanding of atomic anatomy. Moseley did eventually die in war, but left a legacy that made scientists crazy about finishing the periodic table. However, when the last element, Promethium was found it hardly made any recognition. It was a useless element, but the author talks about how emotional chemists loving small triumphs. The change occurred when more inventions had been made. And simple elements now bore a lot of chemists. Later in the chapter, it talks about a new system that occurred in the science world. Instead of theories and lab work, it turned to numbers and equations which was a much less expensive way to do research. Then, neutrons were discovered, which turned many research projects into play. Chemists could now add more weight without changing the charge. Lastly, the chapter talked more about bombs and how sadly advanced they had become. One scientist discovered a bomb that would cause major earth damage. However, he was trying to make people see how wrong bombs were, and instead gave them a powerful deadly one. I thought chapter 5 was very interesting because of the links with the Nazis and war. It was very sad to read, but I never saw the perspective of the gases and stuff from a science light. It was disturbing but interesting to see and understand. Chapter 6 I found super boring.... Although it was interesting to see how much it has changes throughout history. This chapter was a lot more about chemistry than stories and it really made me fall asleep, didn't like that chapter! In chapter 7, it started with scientists finding new elements. Two were found and named after California Berkeley. Then two scientists came together and were a power team. Seaborg and Ghiorso found new elements together, they were also from Berkeley and loved it! Then the team slaved trying to master element 101, when they left, Berkeley thrived. Soon after found element 102. Then, it talked about how Russia has many elements and two useless ones. Then it went into how Stalin forced scientists to work for him. moreover, a major dispute happened among nine scientists. They all claimed their elements. it eventually got so bad the IUPAC had to step in. Lastly, element 118 basically disappeared from the files at Berkeley, and they had to retract claim to it. It was humiliating, and Russia soon after found it and now hold the claim. Berkeley went through major budget cuts! thats the end to chapter 7! on to part two of the book! Hope you all had a good three day weekend ;)

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Lesson 16!

Today our amazingly smart and often distracted class put everything we've learned this week together! This includes Molarity, Density, Mass, Molar Mass, Moles, and most of it using Mrs. McDowells chart! Some key things to know is that when a substance is dissolved in water, it adds to the mass of the solution! (Crazy I know). Also, a mole of one substance may have a different molar mass than one mole of another substance, therefore, different solutions of the same concentration can be sorted out by weighing them. Lastly! By comparing contaminants by the number of atoms will greatly give a different end result of the toxicity than comparing by mass! Homework below! Enjoy the three day weekend :)

Homework:

Btw, I accidentally wrote lesson 15 on the top of the page... But it is lesson 16 homework. Whoops!

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Lesson 15:

Today we learned a lot more about Molarity and solutions ect. Molar mass allows you to convert between grams and moles. The amount in grams of solid that is needed to create solutions of specific molarities can be calculated using the molar mass of the solid. Also, the mass of solid dissolved In a solution can be found if the concentration and volume are known. By using the chart Mrs. McDowell always yells at us to do ;) is very helpful when figuring out mass. Mass = Moles times Molar Mass, also, to find Moles, Moles = Molarity times Volume. Lastly, to find Molarity it is M=moles over Liters. Homework below!

Homework:

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Lesson 14:

In lesson 14, it covered mostly concentration and deeper into that. Concentration does not change depending on the size of the sample which is really important! This is because concentration measures the amount of moles of a particle or the number density per unit of volume, which is a property which does not change with sample size. Also, the relationship between the number of moles and particles in a solution and the volume if the solution is proportional. Number of moles=k times volume of solution in liters. Lastly, the concentration of molarity of a solution does not change with the size of the sample. Homework below!

Homework:

 

 

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Lesson 13

Lesson 13 covered a lot! Some vocab words! Solution is a mixture of two substances that is uniform throughout. A solute is the substance dissolved in a solution. A solvent is the substance in which the solute dissolves in the solution. Something important to know is that a solution is saturated when no more solute will dissolve. A saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent. Moreover, concentration and volume get mixed up a lot. However concentration refers to the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solution. Molarity (M) = n moles divided by V liters of solution. Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a specific volume of solution. Molarity is the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution. Lastly! When two or more substances mix together uniformly at a molecular, ionic, or atomic level, they form a solution. Homework below!

Homework: If anyone can help me with the blank ones, that'd be great! :)

 

 

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Disappearing Spoon chapter 3 and 4!

In chapter 3, the author talked about a lot of scientists who are famous for the invention and or discovery, But weren't actually the founders, just made the invention stronger or easier to use. The author talked about As,Ga,Ce,T,Yb,Er and Tb in a number of stories. One overall theme I noticed was that many scientists try and steal the recognition from other scientist a lot. Especially in this chapter! Overall, the seven elements were discovered in Ytterby, six were a Medeleev's (a chemist) missing lanthanides. It was interesting because this chapter talked a lot about the bottom half of the periodic table and classifying them and how they were discovered. In chapter 4, it dove into space and the theories of how our earth was formed along with the elements in the earths crust and Jupiter ect. Jupiter was really interesting because it could have easily just been a star, if it had sucked up ten times more detritus in its formation it would've been a brown dwarf now, that fascinated me. This chapter talked about many elements in space and the theories for why the dinosaurs went into extinction and the timing of the meteor. The chapter talked about Fe,Ne,Pb,Ir and Re. It covered all astrohistory! In both of these chapters, I found some things really interesting and a lot of it boring! Hopefully all of the next chapters don't make me fall asleep ;) have a great week everyone! :)

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Lesson 12

Today we went over lesson 12! Aspartame is much sweeter than fructose, and safety of artificial sweeteners has been a subject of debate for years! Also, smaller LD50, is more toxic. However, the LD50 values are of limited use in determining the long term effects of a substance. Even if you don't drink or whatever the LD50 limit, it can still greatly effect you long term or make you really sick. We also did a worksheet about fructose and aspartame along with another type of sweetener that has been tested on rats, homework below!

Homework:

 

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