Lesson 7

Cold fronts and warm fronts are important to know. Cold fronts form when a cold air mass catches up with a warm air mass, while a warm front forms when a warm air mass catches up with a cold air mass. Fronts occur between the boundaries of warm air and cold air masses. Warm and cold air masses have different densities. During a cold air front, cold air overtakes warm air. During a warm front, warm air overtakes cold air. That sums it up!

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Lessons 5 and 6!

Today we covered two lessons. I will start with lesson 5, something important to know about Celsius scale and Kalvin is that on the Celsius scale, the temperature at which the volume of a gas is theoretically equal to 0 is 273 degrees Celsius. K= C+ 273 and C= K- 273. We also went into a little bit about absolute zero, which is the lowest a temperature can go. Temperature of 0k is = to absolute zero. The main thing we took notes on is Kinetic theory of gases! Here are some important things to know about it:

-gas particles are constantly moving

- motion is completely random

-speed is not always the same

- particles move in straight lines

- they have a lot of space to move

- they change direction when they hit each other or walls

-temperature increases so does speed

Lesson 6! We began to go over Charles's law which states that volume is proportional to the kelvin temperature. Also the proportionality constant, K, indicates how much the volume of gas changes per kelvin. Also, something important to know is that hot air rises because it is less dense than cooler air. Lastly! As temperature increases, volume of a gas increases and the density of the gas decreases. This is why warmer air rises above cooler air. We did cover some math problems figuring out new volumes when you convert it from c to K. The most important thing to know is that C= K-273 and K=C+273.

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Lesson 4

Today we learned more about temperature. Something important to know is the volume of matter changes in response to changes in temperature. Many thermometers contain alcohol or mercury. Most of them now are alcohol because if the thermometer breaks, mercury contains elements that are bad for people. Another thing we learned is that gas expands and contracts as the temperature changes. Furthermore, melting point is also the same thing as freezing point, and boiling point is also condensation point. Temperature can be measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit or kelvin. Celsius is in increments of 10, and its much simpler than Fahrenheit. Celsius is after a man named Anders Celsius, and Fahrenheit is after Daniel G. Fahrenheit. My homework will also help cover a bit more and hopefully answer any questions!

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Lessons 1,2 and 3

Today we covered 3 lessons! Lesson 1 covered the basics. Weather is the state of the atmosphere in a region over a short period of time. Weather is the result of the interaction among earth, the atmosphere, water, and the sun. It refers to clouds, winds, temperature, and rainfall or snowfall. Jet stream is high level winds in the upper atmosphere. Fronts: there are warm and cold fronts. These are some important vocab words for you! Lesson 2 covered more in depth about how meteorologist's measure rainfall. For example, they use a rain gauge that properly distributes rain in a manner that is easy to measure. Whereas, a ruler for example, would not be a good way to measure it. Lesson 2 also talks about proportional aspects. For example, the number of stairs on a staircase to the height of it. Lesson 3 covered more math based measurements for rainfall. We got a chart for density and volume etc. For example, density = mass decided by volume. Lastly! Something important to know is when a substance changes phases, the density changes.

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Unit 1 Review!

This unit we covered a lot! We started with significant figures, and conversions. An example of a significant figure is 0.00700 there are 3 significant figures in that number. 700. Then we moved on to the periodic table. An element is building materials of all matter. And a compound is an element combined with another element. We learned how to read the periodic table such as protons, neutrons, an electrons. The number of protons are the same as the atomic number. And combined protons and electrons are the amu of an element. Then we went into more depth and learned what an isotope is. An isotope is an element with a different number of neutrons. After that, we ventured into nuclear reactions including beta, alpha decay and fission and fusion. Alpha decay, the atomic number decreases by 2 and the amu decreases by 4. Beta decay, the atomic number increases by one. I explain what fission and fusion are in my review below. Moreover, we did an awesome lab that taught us what happened when the flame changes color. The atoms are getting excited and then slowing down, when they come back together a release of energy occurs and the flame changes color! After that lesson, we went back to the periodic table and learned about valence shells and valance electrons ect. I define those in an earlier blog if you need explaining! Have you ever thought about charges in elements? Well we learned how to balance them, and know what a cation and anion are. Cation is positive, anion is negative. Cation usually relates to a metal, and anion usually relates to a nonmetal. The lessons got more complicated from here, we explored polyatomic ions, and how to change the name in a compounds ect. Lastly, we learned how conductive compounds were, and how to figure out the bonds they are in. Such as ionic bond, is entirely nonmetals, they conduct and dissolve. There are 3 other bonds that compounds can fit into! That pretty much sums up unit 1!! Good luck on the test everyone! You are all smart and can do it :) study hard!

Unit 1 Review

 

 

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Lesson 26

Today we covered chemical bonding! A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that holds them together in space. Something important to know is that the electrons among atoms account for many properties of substances. Vocab time! Ionic bonding: a type of chemical bonding that is the result of transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Covalent bonding: chemical bonding in which one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared between the atoms covalent bonding can be molecular covalent or network covalent. Metallic bond: bond between metal atoms in which the valence electrons are free to move throughout the substance. Molecule: group of atoms covalently bonded together.

*A chart to help!! :)

~Metal atom - metallic

~Nonmetal atoms- network covalent OR molecular covalent

~Both- ionic

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Lesson 25

Lesson 25 mostly covered conductivity. Vocab word! Dissolve means to disperse evenly into another substance. For example, a solid can dissolve in a liquid. (common sense). Conductivity is a property that describes how well a substance transmits electricity. Something important to know is that substances that do not light up are compounds made up of C, H and O do not conduct! Also nonmetals do not conduct and metals do. Vocab time! Soluable means it is capable of being dissolved in another substance and insoluble means it doesn't! Homework below might help with any confusion!

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Lesson 24

Today we learned something very complicated! We did a worksheet and first filled in a chart about the subshells of different elements. For example, carbon 1s= 2e- 2s=2e- and 2p=2e-. Then we answered some questions about it. Something important to know is the order of filling subshells isn't always in numerical order of the subshells. Also, the noble gas shorthand is important. The noble gas that comes before whatever element you are writing, use the noble gas. Lastly, the subshells have limits. 1s can hold 2. 2s can hold 2 ect. Hope all that helps! Homework below.

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Lesson 21 and 22!

Lesson 21 was very short! We basically just learned that noble gases don't combine with other electrons because they already have 8 valance electrons. Also, we learned that you can predict a chemical formula using the periodic table. However, what we mostly learned about 21 was playing the game salty eights. What we had to do was make a correct chemical compound and we get points for it. It was a card game, and first we passed out the cards, then we had to figure out if we had pairs to make a correct compound keeping in mind the zero charge rule. Depending on how many cards you used, you got a certain amount of points! Mikalea won that game... Haha

Lesson 22 we took a bit more notes and played another game! Vocab word! A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of a group of atoms with an overall positive or negative charge. Most poly atomic ions are anions. (good to know!) also, we copied a chart that really helps figure out the polyatomic formula. SO4 2= sulfate OH - = hydroxide NO3-= nitrate CO3 2-= carbonate and NH4+= ammonium! We also played another card game that had the basic same idea, you had to make a correct compound by looking at the cards and getting points for the amount of cards used!

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Lesson 20 :)

Today! We learned more about charges in a compound. Vocab word! Ionic compound is composed of positive and native ions, formed when metal and nonmetal atoms combine. A rule that really helps when distinguishing the charge is metal (+) nonmetal (-) -IDE. Metal and nonmetal elements combine to form ionic compounds as I earlier talked about, and the electron arrangements of cations and anions resemble noble gas atoms (which you should already know!) another rule for the zero charge is in an ionic compound, the positive charges on the metal cations and the negative charges on the nonmetal anions sum to 0! Lastly! Something important to know, is that the number of electrons of the atoms in an ionic compound usually totals to 8 or a multiple of 8! Below is my homework to better explain all of the information above! :)

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Rushed day!! Lessons 17, 18, 19

Lesson 17: Today we explored more about our flame test on Friday. The metal in each element in the Chemical formula always appeared to be responsible for the flame colors. However, only certain elements produce colorful flames. Lesson 17 basically just covered what I just said and included the lab!

Lesson 18: Lesson 18 we really learned more in depth about atoms. For example, a shell model is the surface area represents an area where an electron or a group of electrons most likely be. Also, the atomic number of an element is the same as the total number of electrons. The period (row) number of the element is the same as the number of electron shells. All of this seems a bit complicates, but it is a bit easier than it seems! Moreover, the main group of elements, is the group number of electrons in the outermost shell. Some vocab words include valence electrons which is the electrons located in the outermost electron shell. And core electrons are all the other electrons in the atom besides the valance electrons!

Lesson 19: Lastly today we went over lesson 19, something important to know is that metal atoms transfer electrons to nonmetal atoms when they form compounds. More vocab words! An ion is an atom that has a + or - charge because it has lost or gained electrons. An ion charge is is noted with a superscript. For example Li+1 or F1-. A cation is an ion with a positive charge usually metals, and anions have a negative charge usually nonmetals!

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Lesson 16

Today we learned that a nuclear fission can result in a chain reaction that produces a lot of energy! You may be wondering what a chain reaction is, I'll tell ya! A chain reaction is when a neutron emits striking the nuclei causing them to split a part. Then we learned that when radioactive decay, fusion, fission and a nuclear process occurs a new element is formed! Radioactive decay is when an atom emits radiation or a particle from the nucleus and the atom becomes more stable! :) I have already previously explained fusion and fission, so look at my other blog posts if you dont know what they are! we also learned that the mass changes when protons and neutrons are added or lost ( should be review! ). Then we had more practice with alpha, beta and fusion equations. As stated in my other blogs, alpha is when the amu decreases by 4, and the atomic number decreases by 2. Beta is when the atomic number increases by one. And fusion when 2 nuclei join to make a larger nucleus. I would show you an example but it's hard on the iPad! However, I did a few in my homework if you need to see one!  

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Lessons 13 and 15

Today in class we covered a lot! We started with lesson 13, which was more of an understanding of what an isotope is. An isotope is atoms of the same element that have different numbers or neutrons. Then, we learned two different ways to write a notation. The most common is nuclear notation that we will be using a lot. When writing a nuclear notation, the mass # goes on top and the atomic # goes on the bottom. These are both followed by the element name.

Lesson 15 started with alpha decay and beta decay. Alpha decay is a nuclear reaction ( a change in the nucleus) when an atom emits an alpha particle ( composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons), when this occurs, the atomic # decreases by 2 and the atomic # decreases by 4. Beta decay is also a nuclear reaction when a neutron changes into a proton and the atom emits a beta particle ( electron emitted), when this occurs, the atomic # increases by 1. Moreover, we also went over fission and fission. Fission is when an atomic nucleus splits a part into 2 smaller nuclei and a release of energy is followed. Next, fusion is when 2 nuclei join forming a larger nucleus and is also followed by energy release.

 

 

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Lesson 12

Today we learned more about elements. We learned how to identify the protons, neutrons and electrons. You can estimate the number of neutrons by subtracting the number of protons by the amu of the element. We also learned more about figuring out the atomic mass, which is determined by summing the protons and neutrons. Something important to know is you change the number of protons, you change the element! Lastly we learned that a neutral atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons!

Homework:

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Lessons 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10

We started to be introduced more into Chemistry. By that I mean we began learning what elements and compounds are and chemical formulas and reactions. Then we began to learn about matter not being able to be created nor destroyed and how this is greatly used in chemical reactions. Lastly, we learned more in depth about the periodic table of elements. The history of it, and then today's periodic table and learning about atomic mass, groups, reactivity, symbols and so on! Welcome to chemistry!

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